Black Rage-Book Report Essay Example for Free

Black Rage-Book Report EssayThe pages of forgiving history daubed in bloodshed and densely coated with ethnic, racial conflicts ask a crying question. How to make this Planet Earth heaven -like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes respectable of understanding, heart full of love and the life that refuses conflictsthese alone ar luxuriant When an individual or a good deal of a particular quicken atomic number 18 constantly nagged and abused, condemned and ostracized by the society, they become bitter and cynical individuals. Heartfelt care and concern, an understanding approach and tender regard for their feelings are necessary pre-requisites to heal their inner wounds. Adequate opportunities essential to be created for their reformation and rehabilitation into the mainstream of the society. The authors feel that it is not an easy task. Each and every molecule of the Negro race is surcharged with the hidden grudge as for the uncouth treatment meted out to them in all wa lks of life, from the cradle to the grave and from the womb to the tomb and this do work continued for centuries. They were branded from birth as niggers. This insult on their personality is difficult to condone. Brief summary of the make This is a classic work on forbidding identity.This is also criticized as one of the sexiest books. Slavery is no ordinary crime against humanity. The book explains the race relations and its dynamics in the day to day living of the vitriolics vs. whites. How at each step of the ladder the dumbs were pulled down, how they were do to stumble at deliberately created hurdles by the whites, how slavery dynamics deeply impact the cross-racial sexual relationships etc. It is one thing to book independence and protection for the essential human dignity of the individual legally. It is good to have uniform constitutional rights for whites and blacks.But what mattes is the interpretation of the uprightnesss and their applicability to the ground lev el situations, concerning the blacks. The book is an authentic source of inspiration to the educated younger generation of blacks, and for the Afri croupe psychologists of the day. The book cites case studies and they are properly dealt with. The point by point compend of the intra-psychic dynamics of Black life in every day America is extremely informative and an eye-opener. Blacks, in m each parts of the world where the whites were the dominating community, suffered, and in the States they suffered intensely.The authors are psychiatrists by profession and they are eminently suited to treat this subject. The inner conflicts and the desperation of back life, how they carry on with their back to the debate existenceall these have been highlighted, with the zeal of pursuing the truth. As the black race is exposed to various social situations related to the individual growth by education, employment, achievement of status in life, the intra-racial problems have begun to crop up with great intensity. The authors cite the case of an educated school teacher, marrying a laborer. They explain She was embarrassed by his poor education.He felt that she and her friends were phony and that she was preoccupied with maintaining senseless appearances. Their mutual hostility led to verbal and later physical assaults. Divorce was the result. This pattern is so common in Negro marriages that it deserves special study, which might shed light on the broader problems of how in America choice of mate and marriage in frequent is influenced by a persons blackness. (p. 75) The authors put away strong arguments that black people living in a racist, white dominated society have suffered and are suffering psychological pressure by the effects of racist oppression.This sometimes, has the telling effect in on the day to day disposition and black people act in unpredictable manner. The thesis of the book Will the country ever awake in to that heaven of freedom, and when it will be free from the voice of narrow domestic walls created by race prejudices? What you do to mitigate the mental barrier of racial discrimination on so many counts is not important. How you do, what you do is indeed important. More acts and legislations have helped to create a stir in the minds of whites and blacks. But the problem eludes permanent solution.This is so, because the feeling of superiority within the minds of the whites has to change. When the thought process will change, the action process will also change When the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed when the mind is changed, the man is changed when the man is changed, the society is changed when the society is changed, the Nation is changed. wherefore only we can way that plenty and prosperity engulfs USA, not otherwise The contents and arguments in the book contain too much sex, much more than required by the literary standards.But some times, these issues are beyond the control of the authors. Firstly the book mu st(prenominal) sell. This is the prime objective of the publisher. Fortunately or unfortunately, sex sells. If it is handled well, it sells well. This could be one of the reasons for the extra dose of sex in the bookthis may not be as well This book has to the highest degree 230 pages with 10 chapters, Whos angry, the shadow of the past, achieving womanhood, acquiring manhood, marriage and love, character traits, the Promise of education, mental illness and treatment, and how come theres so much loathe and black rage.In a nutshell, the contents of the book discuss and analyze the bitter past of slavery in USA, the tension-ridden race relations in USA today, and the future of black and white race relations which have the possibilities to turn worst, on the slightest provocation, when the black race is making its presence felt strongly, in political, social, and frugal spheres. In sports, blacks are dominating The blacks accepted the domination of the white race-will the whites acc ept the domination of the black race in times to come? Will the law of divine retribution work in this context?Identify the evidence used by the author to support his/ her thesis That which is evident requires no introduction, elaboration, or appreciation. Light is bright and it is evident. Milk is white and it is evident. Simply say black race in America, and everything is evident. The saga of suffering of the Negro race, the era of slavery, violence and cruelty to try their legitimate aspirations rotates on the curtain of ones mind. The authors of Black Rage do not mince words when it comes to condemning the atrocities committed on the black race.The voice of black America has been heard in the explosions of Watts, Newark, and Detroit, they warn. (p. 3) They assert their aspiration in strongest terms. Black people continue to revolt against laws and customs that are caustic and humiliatingAggression leaps from wounds inflicted and ambitions spiked. It grows out of oppression and capricious cruelty. (p. 3). The younger generation of Negroes is not willing to wait and accept the tactful handling of the situation by the whites when their interests matter.The white race is not willing to travel in the boat where the rudder is controlled by the black. The blacks are aware, by their bitter past experiences that the whites will go to any extent when their own interests matter. This causes more frustration and apprehension in the black community and adversely affects their psyche. The example cited in the text is that of Jimmy, a twelve category old boy. His face was jet-black, and his expressions ranged from somber to sad. Whether relating stories of home, school, or the streets, he disguised his true feelings.At twelve he had learned one of his first lessonsalways play it cool. As much as possible, he worked to hide his inner life. One day he stared long and hard at his fist and said I fatality to hit a white man. (p. 59) State your own opinion and ideas about this book. The book contains tough opinions about the white race. To tell a black kidskin to forget the past, say that he is constitutionally protected and enjoys equal rights as applicable to whites or any ethnic group is as good as telling him a story.The suffering of the Negro race is something very special and closely linked to the destiny of America. The black can condone the past they can not ignore or forget it. The whites are not obliging the blacks by the present stance of understanding them. They have no other alternative. They must accept their newfound social positionequal in every respect as compared to the black people and it is their duty to say that the black-brother is first among the equal. They must attempt and secure the transformation within. The writers put it crisply and authoritatively.After all, the thoughts begin, the Negro is also an American and if he is different it is only matter of degree. Cliches are brought forth and there is a lengthy recitation o f the names of famous Negroes. Long association has bred feelings of familiarity which masquerade as knowledge. But there remain puzzles about black people all is not understood something is missing. (p. 23) It is better to have a world united than a world divided but it is better to have a world divided, than a world destroyed, said Sir Winston Churchill at the time of II World War.Presently, does this quote apply to the solution for the race problem in USA? USA will never be divided in geographical terms, the Constitution of USA is strong enough, the political leaders have enough foresight, but the example given in the book is shocking and is the definite pointer, how the division of the hearts is complete. How Come Theres So Much Hate? When the man died, his wife of forty years was pitied by her friends. The widow was a stern New Englander her dead husband was a black. In spite of strong social dislike of their marriage, they had raised children and prospered.There had been som e discord between them, but they handled it discreetly and the children had never heard them comment on racial matters. Even when a racial incident was prominent in the news, not a word was said about it. The children assumed that their mother had long since accepted the realities of marriage to a black man. They were completely unprepared for her words when her husband died Thank God that nigger is gone (p. 181) Spirituality, not religion, seems to be the only answer to this vexed problem of race relations. Once a human being crosses the mind barrier, all differences all tensions, ceaseMind is a bundle of negative and positive thoughts. The usual methods of suppressing the thoughts and emotions are not going to bring permanent peace. If the Negro race has to surrender at any point, it has got to be the dynamic surrender, of a supreme and brave human being. They should not accept the supremacy of the white race, nor demand the pound of flesh for the historical misdeeds of the whites . If the revengeful attitude persists, it will take them and the Nation nowhere. If the Nation does not survive how will the black and white races survive?

A Critical Evaluation of The Value of Play Essay Example for Free

A Critical Evaluation of The Value of Play EssayIntroductionPlay has a vital role in a squirts look ating and development. Each heavy(p) has their own interpretation of what fulfill is, but play undersurface be interpreted as, kidren being given the opportunity to use resources and facilities provided in order to develop their skills and expand their knowledge. This can be done spontaneously by imaginative play, and using communication to enhance their independent learning. Play can also be seen as a way a tike learns and develops emotionally, physically and socially. DEFINITIONS OF PLAYWhat is play?Play can be interpreted as, children being given the opportunity to use their imaginative skills, to learn as well as develop their physical, social, emotional and cognitive skills. Play can be child initiated, or adult led, where they provided with resources and support in both situations. Play is an attitude that manifests itself in different behaviours. Gavey (1991) stated play was a forward and backwargonf 7cd movement where different levels of action, communication, and interaction are needed. It could be regarded as deeply serious and purposeful or trivial and purposeless, (Attfiled 2005). Similarly, (Molyes J) stated play is without a doubt the most natural way children learn all over the world.Babies and young children learn by means of interaction with an adult, who could be parents, siblings, other family members as well as practitioners who have responsibility of looking after the well-being of a child. However, Froebel stated, play is what children are elusive with when they initiate a task and work is what they do when fulfil a task required by an adult. Bruce 2005. The role of an adult is entering a child play that is child initiated, and intervening to extend the play without interfering. Bruce Children need to play with objects and materials and resources in order for play to integrate cognitive processes and stimulate the imagination. The value of playPlay is seen as the only way that young children learn and develop their social, physical, cognitive and emotional skills. Bruce(2005)Value of playA practitioner who understands the importance of play, offers childrenfreedom, where they are able to choose their own activities.* Gives a child freedom* Responsibilities* Child initiated* Adult led* Risks* ConsequencesChild initiated playChild initiated play can be interpreted as some(prenominal) activity that is started by a child to meet their personal needs and interests, Moyles J (2008). This can alos be seen as progressive learning, where the childis engaging in the activity they are doing. Bruner argued and put forward children require choice and should be able to make their own decisions in order to learn and develop their skills. For example in a reception class where children are of the age 4-5 years, being given the freedom of being able to choose any activity available to them and to carry out their chosen task or activity in their choice of environment can be seen as child initaitiated play. The adult has no role in the choice of play as the child has the control of what they are setting out to do. However the adult provides the child with resouces.Through child initaied play children learn to become creative through critical thinking. When having achoen an activity to arry out they start to make cnectuoins which transfroms their understanding. Howevr if a child does not understand or have the skill to carry out an activity and feels they want to, they tend to approach an adult who then supports the child by interevening. (BRUCE) the adult can then support the child by scaffolding (BRUNER) for example Similary Vygotakys stated in his theory a childs needs to be independent in order to learn, however a child still requires the adult to present to aide them when needed. For example. By allowing a child the choice of free play they are able to explore DEFINITION By investigating childen learn and are able to ask the adult questions where the adult will support them by asking open eneded question and providing them with encouragement.

Implementation of jit at dell

Implementation of jit at dellIMPLEMENTATION OF JIT AT dellASPECTS OF JITBy the 1980s the Japanese had achieved manufacturing greatness by practicing continuous improvement, in that a firm is constantly working to improve in every facet of its duty functions. To do this, a firm must always increase quality and look for innovative ways to solve problems. All of these atomic number 18 cornerst anes of a recent JIT system. Possibly the single piece of JIT most relevant to a study of put up chain management atomic number 18 the partnerships essential to making JIT genuinely work. A plant female genitalsnot implement a JIT system by itself it must have the cooperation of its entire supply chain. The supply chain must include suppliers, clients, and every subdivision within the company. The sheer amount of information infallible for a JIT system to operate well pick outs that the information flow of the cropion control system (PCS) coupled with an up-to-date Order Entry and finan cial system stretches throughout the supply chain, almost to the point at which an entire supply chain operates as one entity. Lastly, gaining workforce commitment to a JIT lean manufacturing system is important. Without the dedication of the workforce, any endeavor is sure to fail. Workforce commitment can be achieved in some(prenominal)(prenominal) ways. A simple way is to cross train the workforce members outside of their normal business function and help increase an employees problem solving ability. In doing so, a firm is empowering its workforce to think about their function in a clean way while looking for ways to improve and vainglorious them an everyplaceall view of the entire firm, not just their single job.Only then will the proper inventory needs of the plant be truly capable of coming under control and part of a lean moneymaking enterprise.WEAKNESS OF JITJust as JIT has many strong points, there are weaknesses as well. In just-in-time, everything is very interdepen dent. Everyone relies on everybody else. (Greenberg, 2002). Because of this strong interdependence with JIT, a weakness in the supply chain caused by a JIT weakness can be very costly to all linked in the chain. Communication is king in a JIT-rich supply chain. There is a risk relate with JIT when there is a communication breakdown and the company cannot generate the correct inventory needed to keep the just-in-time system running smoothly.CHALLENGE AT DELL dingle is known throughout the world as a leader in supply chain management and just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing. Relying heavily on a vender managed inventory (VMI) model, dingle has nearly eliminated inventory cost while obligeing a JIT manufacturing strategy. keystone to supporting this strategy is the ever changing and increasing number of suppliers needed to manage inventory for dell.In 2002, Dell recognized that in order to continue scalable growth, significant process innovation would be required. subsequently a thor ough partner selection process, Dell issued a request for proposal to evaluate potential solutions to address this challenge.SWOT ANALYSISStrengthsDirect ModelThe Dell Direct model was the engine of Dells success (Rangan and Bell, 5). It gave it an advantage over its competitors as it was very hard to duplicate. The Dell withdraw model was about low cost, direct client relationships and virtual integration (Rangan and Bell, 5). It was an efficient dispersal system characterized by build-to-order manufacturing, and products and receiptss targeted at specific mart segments (Rangan and Bell, 5). Basically, this model allowed customers to call Dell at a time and order exactly what they wanted in a PC (i.e., they could sew their PCs). It was solo after the order was made that the PC was assembled and shipped to the customer in a sexual relationly short amount of time. This Direct Model led to some other strengths Dell was known to have.Differentiated ProductsBecause of its Direct model, Dell was able to be described as having a differentiated product. Every PC assembled would be somewhat different from the previous based on customer order. This was an advantage for Dell since it enabled it to differentiate itself from its rivals and gain relatively more supplier power. Customer Service After sale customer service was another one of Dells strengths. A customer with a problem could reach a technical support staff through a hotline that was manned 24 hours a day (Matching Dell, 9). After receiving a call, support personnel would retrieve the file that contained details of the customers computer, and could help the customer solve their problem. In approximately 90% of the cases, the customer and support specialist could resolve the problem over the telephone using the diagnostic software installed in the factory (Matching Dell, 9). Customers were very satisfied with Dell and rated Dells sales, products, and function highly relative to the competition (Matchin g Dell, 9).JITDells Direct Model allowed Dell to manufacture machines that were tailored to customer needs and based on Just-in-Time inventory (Matching Dell, 7). The company assembled computers based on customer orders and held no finished goods inventory of standardized machines (Matching Dell, 7). Holding no inventory allowed Dell to reduce its costs and have a competitive advantage over its rivals. Economies of scale Dell is the greatest producer of laptop computers and therefore has economies of scale in the laptop business. In the United States, Dell had the highest market share in the laptop (and PC business overall) with a 24.8% market share, compared to 11.6% for IBM which was the second highest. Economies of scale allow Dell to have more entry barriers, and hence there was less of a threat of new entrants.Efficient Assembly Line Dells assembly line was quick and efficient. The production process, from the day the order was made, to the shipping date, took only about a day and a half (Matching Dell, 8). This was an advantage for Dell because customers were satisfied with the amount it took for their product to be shipped to them.WeaknessesDirect ModelDells Direct Model could be seen as a weakness from another point of view. Dell assumes that its customers are educated, which is not the case for every customer. Dell does not generate a retail service which allows the customers to see their computers, and purchase them right away (advantage of retail is that it is time efficient from the consumer standpoint). Therefore, the model is limited because it cuts off a substantial part of the consumer market.Low market share in the International MarketCompared to its rivals, Dell had a low market share in the international market. In Western Europe, Dell only had less than a 10% market share, and in other parts of the world, Dell had a market share lower than 5% (Rangan and Bell, 23). This is a weakness because international diversification is very important . Since most of Dells revenues come from the US market, having a low market share in the international market is more hazardous today because of the effects of economic downturns.Limited laptop customizationAlthough Dell had an advantage in allowing customization within its PC industry, there was a limit to how much you could customize your laptop. Therefore, Dell was not much differentiated compared to its rivals within the laptop industry.Quality of DisplayAccording to general customer opinion, Dells laptop has a weakness in its quality of display. The physical aspect of Dells laptops in general was not as great as Apple laptops for example, or even its rivals within the PC industry.OpportunitiesEuropean MarketDell has an opportunity to increase its market share in the European market. Dell can increase its market share by providing simpler services to accompany its products. Dell now has approximately 10% of the market share in Europe, and could increase its share to between 20% and 25%.Indispensability of the networkThe internet is becoming more and more of a necessity. This could be an opportunity for Dell to include wireless options on its laptops and could also get hold of incorporating Bluetooth.MobilityDell could consider focusing on producing more products that allow for mobility. As demand for mobility increases, Dell could take advantage of that to satisfy the customers demand.Growing EconomyIncreasing growth in the economy is an opportunity for Dell to increase its market share and at the same time production as well. Since most of Dells revenues come from large businesses, a positive growth in the economy may increase demand for production.ThreatsIncreasing Demand for Innovation The threat with performance increasing each course of instruction is that there is a physical limit to how far you can go. People will soon be satisfied with the level of performance not to demand anything more, and are going to be more susceptible to other things su ch as prices, or quality of the product. If Dell only focuses on performance, this trend great power be a threat in the future.Intensity of RivalryAs performance increases, differentiation between brand names is going to decrease. Dells rivals are determination ways to increase their market share by replicating some of Dells advantages. For example, IBM recognized the advantages of direct distribution and launched initiatives to expand its own direct sales (Matching Dell, 10). Compaq saw the advantage of reducing inventory, and therefore took initiatives to do so. It moved from a production system in which it built business PCs according to its own forecast to one in which it built according to forecasts made by channel members (Matching Dell, 11). This change in production allowed Compaq to double its inventory turnover (Matching Dell, 11). Since its rivals are starting to copy its strategies, Dells strengths would no longer be advantages if this continues.Inability to innovateCo nsumers are constantly looking for improvements in technology. If Dell fails to keep up with consumer demand, it can make great losses, and could support a major part of its market segment.PDAs replacing laptopsWhether this is a threat or not is still unknown, but there is still a chess opening that PDAs will soon replace laptops. Debates are made on whether or not PDAs are complimentary to or substitutes for laptops. If the case was that PDAs substitute laptops, it would be a threat to Dells laptop business.SOLUTIONAfter a thorough evaluation, Dell selected World Wide Technology (WWT) for its ability to leverage key elements of previous supply chain experience, unique end-to-end systems offering and flexibility demonstrated by the proposed approach.Since 2003, WWT has been responsible for the procurement, inventory management and distribution of direct material classified as Alpha products structured into Dells finished goods.Implementation of the WWT solution fundamentally chan ged how materials are delivered to Dell. Multiple supplier deliveries have been replaced by a single truck delivery containing all replenishment products arriving in 45 minute intervals. Using radio frequency (RF) devices, WWT Site Coordinators on the factory floor generate demand signals to the collocated distribution center initiating the pick, pack and delivery to the factory just front to consumption.JIT AT DELLPeopleIn the legacy environment, each supplier was required to provide an on-site resource to maintain inventory levels in the factory. Upon implementation of the WWT solution, WWT became the single partner providing resources on the factory floor, reducing the overall number of resources required to maintain continuity of supply. WWT also built a dedicated team of material planners, vendor managers and process consultants to ensure end-to end management and efficiency of the solution.ProcessWWT brought several process and technical innovations to the Dell team. First, WWT developed a suite of forecast, inventory and demand planning applications calibrated to fluctuations in Dells manufacturing process. Second, WWT opened distribution centers collocated with each Dell factory reducing lead times to 45 minutes or less. Finally, implementation of a RF based barcode scanning system used for product acceptance, replenishment requests and invoice reconciliation at the factory floor. These innovations while removing cost also provided much greater visibility and reliability relative to continuity of supply.PartnersKey to the WWT solution was working with each of the legacy suppliers. Management of 40 suppliers with 40different processes and systems was a key challenge that the team faced. Leveraging technology, the WWT team was able to provide an integrated process for each supplier to receive orders, monitor forecast and reduce personnel cost. Also, by reducing entry barriers for suppliers wanting to work with Dell, WWT has been able to instal a new l evel of free market competition further reducing SKU prices for individual components managed by WWT.RESULTSWWT successfully developed the needed systems, opened trinity initial facilities and put together a support team in just under three months. In addition, the project went live just prior to the holiday season, which is typically the most critical time of year for Dells business. A member of Dells supply chain management team noted, Our new program with WWT has created new efficiencies and simplicity in our supply chain. Consolidating supply chain management with a single entity has eliminated a lot of waste. Dell has been able to acknowledge savings across multiple business areas recognize overall SKU price reductions and experience a scalable process necessary to support Dells overall growth. Since the program began in 2003, WWT has added three additional distribution centers, added more than 50 suppliers, built a team of more than 100 people to support Dell and is expandi ng into Dells international manufacturing facilities.CONCLUSIONTo conclude, in order for Dell to compete efficiently in the laptop industry in the future it needs to take advantage of all of the above opportunities. Consumers are becoming increasingly more demanding and price-sensitive. The next generation laptop must be consistent with the relevant trends affecting the industry today. If Dell succeeds in its adjudicate to make a product that fits the trends, it will probably still remain in its leading position in the future.REFERENCESArticle Interview Dell Pres Phones, Computers to gentle Separate. The Wall Street Journal, February 18th, 2003.

Attachment Theory And Implications For Therapeutic Counselling Social Work Essay

Attachment Theory And Implications For Therapeutic Counselling Social Work EssayOutline your correspondence of attachment possibleness and describe the implications of this for therapeutic counselor? Illustrate your answer with reference to clinical cypher. Consider the implications of this theory in a modern society, which has many another(prenominal) alternative family structures.IntroductionWhat is premature attachment theory? posterior Bowlby originally proposed attachment theory and defined attachment as any form of bearing that results in a person exposeing or retaining proximity to some other oppositeiated and preferred person, usually conceived as stronger and/or wiser (Bowlby, 1973, p. 292).Attachment or attach is the developing kind to reboots, a carer or carers and is necessary for ordinary growing. Childrens attachments can develop an impact on the rest of their prevails. Attachment behaviours begin early in support. This trusting relationship which is d eveloped in infancy forms the foundation for a tikes development. If baby birdren contain a near attachment, they forget grow up to view the instauration as a safe place and they leave alone be able to develop other emotions.However, children who experience early separation and loss will discourse this through their behaviour. A doctor attachment will lead to better general coping skills, and the cost of in procure attachment may lead to closing off (Bowlby, 1969).In this essay I will present material about attachment theory. I will explore the different views and my aim is to re of late it to clinical work. My illustrations will be drawn from theory and personal experience.TheoryAccording to Vera Fahlberg (1988) the most common causes of attachment problems, the highest risk being in the first 2 historic period of life, are sudden or traumatic separation from primary caretaker through death, illness, hospitalisaton of caretaker, or removal of child from the care of the e stablished attachment bode/figures. Furthermore, she claims there are other causes for attachment problems which include animal(prenominal), emotional or sexual abuse, neglect of physical or emotional necessitate, illness or wound that cannot be alleviated by caretaker, and frequent moves and/or placements i.e. foster care, adoptions and changes of caretaker within the family setting. John Bowlby (1988) believes if no bond or attachment is formed during early life the child is more presumable to be unstable and anxious as an adult. The work of John Bowlby seems to have been the most influential in attachment theory and I aspect Bowlby highlights the important implications for the counselling relationship.Before Bowlby the behaviour of childs to seek attachment with adults was thought to be about an instinct to search for food (Bee, 1999). Bee (1999, p. 42) cites Freud (1856-1939) as saying love has its origin in attachment to the satisfied neediness for nourishment. Freud su ggested that the baby forms a bond with its mother by satisfying its hunger. He calls this stratum of development the oral stage which begins soon after birth. Freud believes if the child satisfies this related need then it should promote a aspecting of pleasure therefore, returning to a comfortable state (Bee, 1999).However, according to Fahlberg there is some evidence that the social needs are more important to the attachment process than meeting the physical needs. Fahlberg refers to Ainsworths (1913-1999) 1952 findings, social interactions, not routine care, are the most important array of mothering (Fahlberg, 1988, p.27).Erikson (1902-1994) however, shared most of Freuds grassroots assumptions, but differed between inner instincts, and outer pagan and social demands. Unlike Freud who placed central emphasis on inner instincts. However, Erikson named his developmental stages as psychosocial stages as he believes a person goes through different stages through their lives. To be able to reach self acceptance they must first fully develop each stage. If this does not happen then problems will arise (Bee, 1999).According to Bee (1999) Erikson describes the first stage as basic trust versus mistrust. Bee went on to say Erikson believed that the behaviour of the major caregiver (usually the mother) is critical to the childs establishment of basic sense of trust. (p.45). Therefore, if the caregiver responds to the child consistently, in a way the child has become accustomed, and responds in a loving and predictable way, then trust will develop. However, he believes if that doesnt happen, and the child has had inconsistent care then mistrust may develop, which may lead to anxiety. Erikson believed that development went on through the entire life span, as the child, and then the adult developing a sense of ever-changing identity (Bee, 1999).However, John Bowlby disregarded these theories of attachment, believing instead that the process was much more complicat ed. He put forward the idea that babies look for physical closeness, comfort, food and familiar interaction (Bowlby, 1988). The young childs hunger for his mothers love and presence is as great as his hunger for food (Bowlby, 1969, preface xiii) John Bowlby brought this image to the fore and as Robert Karen states in his book, Becoming Attached, Bowlbys theory was bold, full of common sense, speculative but grounded in science, and threatening to the older views (1998, p.101). However, all three theorists seem to agree that healthy secure attachments are very important for human development.Attachment helps the child attain full intellectual potential sort out what he or she perceives think logically develop a conscience become self-reliant finagle with stress and frustration handle fear and worry develop future relationships reduce jealousy. (Fahlberg, 1988, p.13)According to Ainsworth (1913-1999), attachment is an affectional bond that has been established by having a continuous loving and caring relationship with another human being. an affectional bond is a long enduring emotional tie to a specific individual (Leather, 2004, pp.21-25). Studies of children raised in institutions have shown that adequate physical care is not enough. A primary person to whom the child can become attached, who responds to the childs needs and who initiates compulsive activities with the child is indispensable.Attachments are formed by the constant repetition of both very positive cycles of interaction The arousal relaxation cycle and The positive interaction cycle Fahlberg, V. (1988) Fitting the Pieces Together. (Practice Series 17) British Agencies for Adoption FosteringThe make uping diagram illustrates a successful interaction between the caregiver and child. The child cries because of its need for food, caregiver feeds the child, the child becomes calm, therefore the childs needs have been met which will then establish a secure and trusting attachment. This cycle m ust be completed to ensure a healthy development.Fahlberg, V. (1988) Fitting the Pieces Together (p. 25)The next diagram illustrates the positive interactions between caregiver and child. The caregiver interacts and plays with the child, meeting social needs, the child responds, therefore building a childs confidence.Fahlberg, V. (1988) Fitting the Pieces Together (p. 27)If the babys needs are not met consistently then the baby doesnt develop trust, becomes full of rage and perceives the demesne as a dangerous place. This is then carried through into adulthood, causing feelings of insecurity through to sociopathic behaviour depending on the degree of mistreatment or abandonment for the individual (Fahlberg, 1998).The three patterns of attachment areSecure Attachment geographic expedition from secure base active seeking of contact upon reunion.Anxious/Avoidant Attachment independent exploration active avoidance upon reunion.Anxious/Resistant Attachment Poverty of Exploration Difficulty separating on reunion.Source Mary Ainsworth (1979).Research.Jeremy Holmes stated in his book John Bowlby Attachment Theory, Mary Ainsworth (1982) first used the phrase secure base to describe the ambience growd by the attachment figure for the attached person. The essence of the secure base is that it provides a springboard for curiosity and exploration. (Holmes, 1993, p. 70) John Bowlby believed that a secure base was the most important aspect of parenting a central feature of my concept of parenting, the provision by both parents of a secure base from which a child or an adolescent can make sorties into the outside world (Bowlby, 1988, p.11). heathenish ImplicationsStudies in other countries support Ainsworths belief that some form of secure base is needed for all sisters, however, there are indications that behaviour may have to be interpreted differently in other cultures. According to Helen Bee (1999, p.192) German researchers, for example, have suggested that an insecure/avoidant classification in their culture may reflect not indifference by mothers, but explicit training towards greater in habituation in the baby (Grossmann, Grossmann, Spangler, Suess, Unzner, 1985).Furthermore, in Japan a greater valuing of emotional mutuality is associated with limited separation experiences, therefore heightening the distress experienced by many Japanese infants (Harwood, Miller Irizarry 1995. p.14) Therefore, it would appear that the infant behaves in a dash that responds to the maternal behavior that is both intuitive and reflective of the behaviour in its community.It is stated in Helen Bees book The Growing Child some form of secure base behaviour occurs in every child, in every culture. (1999, p.192). Bee says, we have a long way to go to understand how cultural differences affect the development of children but they form a significant backdrop for all development and to understand nurture, we must first understand the part culture plays (1999 ).Children are innate(p) into a diverse range of family structures and these structures may change during the course of childhood. Attachment theory highlights the role of the primary caregiver and in the process puts the spotlight on the person who is most likely to undertake this role in our society the mother. This can lead to argue against mothers working. Wyse (2004) states, Once the child has developed an attachment they will protest at separation from that preferred person and will show fear of strangers (p. 23). However, Vera Fahlberg says the attachment figure does not have to be the childs mother. The initial attach can be the father or even an adoptive or foster mother, as long as the care is consistent during the early years of development.Of course there are many alternative family structures and views have changed over the years. Many mass feel sexual union is outdated and prefer to just live together. There also is the difficulty that surrounds divorce and the imp act this has on young children. According to Robert Banton Jack Straw, the home secretary, stated in a document called accompaniment Families (1998) changes infamily organization we have mentioned are really linked to the social problems (2004, p.33). With rising divorce rates, social acceptance of sexual relations outside wedding ceremony and single sex partnerships will all have an impact on the way in which children are raised and by whom.I believe parenting practices have a greater effect on children than marital status. I divorced my husband when my children were still at school. I maintained a healthy relationship with my ex-husband because I felt it was important for the children to still see us as a family unit. I was determined that my children had constant access to their father and that he played a part in their upbringing. This has certainly had an impact on my children and they often said it was a better arrangement than two unhappy people living together.Blakeslee W allerstein stated in their book Second chances Men, women and children a decade after divorce when referring to children from divorced families, They fear betrayal. They fear abandonment. They fear loss. They draw an inevitable conclusion Relationships have a high likelihood of being untrustworthy betrayal and infidelity are probable (1989, p. 55). Although my children experienced the trauma of divorce, I feel I kept that disruption to a minimum.Clinical references and Personal insightFollowing the birth of my first child, I chose to go back to work when she was sixer weeks old. Childcare was shared out between my husband, my cousin and my aunty and this situation continued for some time. I then made the decision to send my little girl to nursery when she was three, but she would not settle and screamed hysterically when I left her. When I picked her up she would cling to my legs and cry if I talked to anyone on the journey home. This seems to followthe pattern of insecure attach ment. In Dominic Wyses book, Childhood Studies an Introduction, Leather cites stages of separation behaviour as observed by Robertson and Robertson may be unwilling to trust parent if/when they return, or may become very clingy and refuse to let parent leave them in any situation (2004, p.23).However, my daughter is now in her late twenties, she suffers from periodic bouts of depression and anxiety attacks. She doesnt seem to be able to settle into long term relationships, but in spite of that, in her working milieu she is a confident adult holding a managerial position. I feel however, my daughter has inherited traits from her father as he suffers with bouts of depression furthermore, two of his siblings have had a mental breakdown. Leather says, children take traits from both the mother and father such as physical features, but they can also inherit illnesses (2004)There is now a large body of evidence saying that children are capable of forming attachments to two or three caregi vers and if the care arrangements are of trusty quality, and the quality of parenting has been established, then the child stands to benefit. Furthermore, Fahlberg says, it is not unusual to share the job of mothering and that the child, providing the quality of care is good and that it is consistent, can do just as tumesce as those attached to one caregiver (1994). My daughters carers were consistently part of her growing up therefore I feel the hereditary factor does play its part in her development.However, after my son was born I chose to give up my job and stay at home. My son didnt experience separation from me as an infant until the age of four when he settled into nursery with no problems. As an adult he seems to cope much better with stress and frustration and he is extremely confident and self reliant. This seems to bear out the positive effects of attachment therefore, highlightingthat the relationship formed in early development seems to create a prototype for future r elationships.It is interesting to reflect on my own parenting. My mother died when I was twelve and I became the little mother to my father and pal until my father died fifteen months later. This has left me with my own insecurities to deal with. According to Bowlby women who have lost their parents at an early age not only are they likely to have marital problems, after the birth of a child, they can also have difficulty interacting with their child (Bowlby, 1988).Unfortunately, as I said earlier my marriage did breakdown, but I dont believe I had difficulty interacting with my child. On the contrary, I feel I was over protective, because of loosing my parents, and I was anxious for my daughter. This may have contributed to my daughters dependency on me. Furthermore, I take into account that she was the first-born and therefore she had been the sole recipient of my attention. It would have been a different experience for her brother.Through personal development I am assured I ha ve carried through, into adulthood, a lot of unresolved issues. There have been moments where I have felt a great dependence on my therapist and I worked very hard being the perfect client for my therapist to accept me. However, through exploration of my own attachment account I was able to recognise why I felt this dependency and need for acceptance. As my relationship with my therapist grows I feel I am able to be more honest about my feelings. I believe it is through establishing this warm trusting relationship I am able to work towards self acceptance, and as my confidence grows I feel more comfortable with who I am, therefore I no longer feel a need to please others to earn acceptance. This has highlighted how a client, with similar insecurities, may feel in the therapeutic relationship.Like me, the client will bring his own history into the counselling relationship and I feel the therapist needs to be able to acknowledge, with a deep understandingthe insecurities the client ma y be feeling. I feel it is important to explore the clients relational history to establish whether there may be an issue of dependency. It was not easy to explore negative feelings that have been conceal for so many years, but my therapist was able to provide a safe space for this to happen. Therefore, although I had my secure base ripped from under me at an early age, I feel my therapy is now my secure base where I can unravel my history and make some sense of it.This intimate relationship I have established with my therapist has allowed me to challenge, explore and take risks with the confidence of feeling accepted. intimate attachments to other human beings are the hub around which a persons life revolves, not only when he is an infant or a toddler or a school child but throughout his adolescence and his years of maturity as well, and into old age (Bowlby, 1980, p. 422).ConclusionThere seems to be an agreement between all the theorists that a secure attachment between a mother and infant is the ideal first relationship, and that relationship is of primary splendour.Feeling secure and having your needs met by a consistent caregiver, within all cultures during the early years, is imperative to a healthy development. I feel attachment is the same across all societies, and that fundamentally all children need a secure base.Relationships are of fundamental importance inthe development of personality and sense of selfthe difficulty clients bring to therapy (relations with the self and relations with other people)the therapeutic process (the therapy relationship is the heart of the process) Paul, S. and Pelham, G. (2000, pp. cx -126).Relationships are important for our wellbeing. Whilst attachment types have helped me to understand my history, they have also helped me to understand the important elements for development. Attachment is about a close relationship, and its impact refinement from cradle to grave. It is now accepted that this relationship can be w ith more than one person as long as the care is affectionate, consistent, and provides a secure base.It is also agreed that separation from the caregiver during infancy will predict how an individual forms relationships as an adult. As a counsellor it is important to be aware of the different attachment behaviours to be able to provide that secure base from which the client can explore his/her own relationship history. Therefore, the counsellor needs to be able to provide support with deep understanding, Bowlby says,.it is the emotional communications between a patient and his therapist that play the crucial part (Bowlby, 1988, p.156)

Bengal Renaissance And The 19th Century History Essay

Bengal Renaissance And The 19th Century History EssayThe 19th coke Bangla literature is not a product of the uninterrupted on-going literary customs duty of the land, if we for a moment not consider the socio-political miscellaneas of the 19th light speed and the conquest of Bengal in the late 18th ampere-second by the British East India Company. It is neither a product of a sudden upsurge of literary geniuses who started to excel in isolation. The changes that characterise the Bangla literary tradition of the 19th century is deeply and thoroughly influenced by the social reform movement known as the Bengal Renaissance.With the advent of the British East India Companys rule over Bengal, the mainstream literary tradition of the land was transported from its rural base to a highly sophisticated urban elite society. The roots from which Bangla literature had evolved for hundreds of years was soon sidelined and termed as folk-lore (mL-Lb) and contradictory (fL) and the rural story tellers whose narratives revolved around a specific religious or social aspect was soon substituted by the elite, organised and intellectual Bengali babus of Calcutta, the accordingly capital of the East India Companys dominion.The educational system of Bengal, as a whole, underwent a drastic change in the early 19th century. From a conventional encyclopaedism of the Bangla, Sanskrit and Arabic languages, the holy Vedas or the Bangla folk-lore and b every(prenominal)ads (NaL) in the traditional makeshift schools (fWnm or Vm), the educational reforms in the late 18th century and the early 19th century proverb the establishment of institutions like the Asiatic Society (1784), Fort William College (1800), Serampore College (1817), Hindu College (1817), Sanskrit College (1824) and former(a)s which were exclusively meant for the elite Bengalis in order to educate them according to the European idea of education, learning and lever judgement. This socio-political change in the educat ional scenario of Bengal quite naturally gave birth to a new intellectual socio-economic class of Bengalis who perceived the idea of European education as the ideal form of learning and who would later give birth to the Bengal Renaissance and in turn change the scenario of the literary tradition of the 19th century Bangla literature.According to historian Romesh Chunder Dutt, The conquest of Bengal by the side was not wholly a political revolution, but ushered in a greater revolution in thoughts and ideas, in religion and society From the stories of gods and goddesses, kings and queens, princes and princesses, we get under ones skin learnt to descend to the humble walks of life, to sympathise with the uncouth citizen or even common peasant Every revolution is attended with vigour, and the present one is no exception to the rule. Nowhere in the annals of Bengali literature are so many and so bright names found crowded together in the limited space of one century as those of Ram M ohan Roy, Akshay Kumar Datta, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, stitch Chandra Banerjee, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Dina Bandhu Mitra. Within the three quarters of the present century, prose, blank verse, historical fiction and drama perplex been introduced for the first time in the Bengali literature (Dutt, 1877). It is on-key what R.C. Dutt has tried to convey. Possibly very few literary traditions have had to deal with so many literary geniuses at one point of time.Cultural command was a major part of the idea of European colonisation of the Indian subcontinent. Along with the ruthless prowess of the Empire came the vaults filled with literature. And it is quite natural for the comely Bengali intellectual elite to be mesmerised by the hero sandwichic epics of Homer and Virgil, the tragedies of Sophocles and Marlow, the blank verses of Milton and Shakespeare, the journey of Dante, the tantalising poetry of Petrarch and Sappho and the revolutionary ideas o f Plato, Aristotle and Machiavelli, not only because of their literary expertise but more evidently because the colonised elite had to deal with the wide timeline of several literary genres at one point of time. literary personnel like Romesh Chunder Dutt, Michael Madhusudan Dutt and others were so mesmerised with European culture and the English language in particular that they considered all non-European literatures to be of a trivial value as compared to the valour of the former they even wrote letters addressed to their Bengali friends in English.Like the European colonisers, it was easy for the intellectual elite, who were under the grasp of European education, to divide the history of Sanskrit or Bangla literature, which can be categorised as Hindu literature1, into three distinctive periods, the ancient, the medieval and the metempsychosis. The Occidentals believed that Hindu literature was little of value before the advent of the Europeans. It was the colonisers who educat ed the colonised and in turn helped the native intellectuals of Bengal to revolutionise their literary tradition. The Orientalists, like Michael Madhusudan Dutta, Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and others, too were of a equivalent notion over the historiography of Bangla literature. However they, unlike the Occidentals, believed that there was a Golden Age of Hindu literature, followed by a Dark Age under the Moslem rulers and finally the coming of the Anglo-Saxons or the East India Company, in simpler words, who regenerated, revived and renovated Hindu literature and more in particular Bangla literature bringing about a Renaissance in the literary tradition of the land. This submission of the intellectual class of Bengal to the dominance of the British or in a larger frame the European notion of education, art and culture brought about the changes in Bangla literature in the 19th century.Bengali writers and authors started to explore and later imitate and improvise the d ifferent genres of European literature. Meghnadbadh Kavya (jOec hd Lh), the first Bangla secondary epic was pen by Michael Madhusudan Dutta in 1861, which follows the poetic tradition of Miltons Paradise Lost intricately. Sonnets were similarly introduced into Bangla literary tradition by Madhusudan. Novel as a genre found its way into the urban literary culture of Bengal with Hannah Mullens Karuna O Phulmanir Bibaran (LlZ J gmjZl hhlZ) in 1852 followed by Bankim Chandra Chattopadyays Durgeshnandini (cNnece) in 1865. Just for the records, both Madhusudan and Bankim Chandra had started their literary careers with pieces of literature written in English. Madhusudan began as a composer of English poetry and Bankim Chandras first publication was Rajmohans wife.Bengal reincarnation in literature came along with the changes in the socio-political and religious outlook of the Bengali elite. It was an incident in the history of Bengal which widened the spatial relation of the orthodox Hi ndu-Bengalis. The advent of the Brahmo Samaj the banning of Satidaha (pacq)2, child marriage and pursuing women literacy and widow-remarriage along with the acceptance of the new wave of Bangla literature were all frames of the same picture, the Bengal renaissance.Bengal renaissance did show the authors and the poets of Bengal, the way out from the orthodoxy of the Hindu religion and the conventional mind-set of the literary personnel of the earlier periods. As a matter of fact, in literary texts, women attained a new and a great importance due to this new wave in Bangla literature. In Bankim Chandras Durgeshnandini (1865), though it is set in a historical locale discussing the conflict of the Pathans and the Rajputs, the three fe potent characters, Ayesha, Tillotama and Bimala are portrayed under the main spotlight. All the three characters represent the free-woman spirit Ayesha, the brave Tilottama, the charming and Bimala, the courageous. Bankims Kapalkundala (1866), Mrinalini ( 1869) and Debi Choudhurani (1884) in any case deal with female protagonists in a male chauvinist society. In most of Rabindranath Tagores novels the plot revolves around the female characters. The role of Charu in Nastanirh (1901) Bimala in Ghare-Baire (1916) and Damini and Nanibala in Chaturanga (1916) is revolutionary and is the most important in the ongoing storyline of the respective novels. Sarat Chandra Chattopadyay, though has dealt with the more inner part of the household as the consequence of his literary works has shown the importance of women in the society. He has portrayed women as the main protagonist of the existing social order in his novels, for instance, Baradidi (1907), Parineeta (1914), Debdas (1917), Choritrohin (1917), Srikanto (1917-1933), Nishkriti (1917) and others. The Bengal renaissance saw authors who were actually politically sound and was particularly sensitive to the cause of women in the society and in turn the authors actually contradicts the conv entional and orthodox perception of the male dominated society. For the first time in Bangla urban literature, women have been given the importance that she deserves. It was as if the rebirth of Mahua3as Kapalkundala, Mrinalini, Nanibala of Chaturanga, Charu of Nashtanir or Rajlakhhi of Srikanto.Bengali authors, poets and intellectuals of the 19th century for instance Bankim Chandra Chattopahyay, Ram Mohan Roy and others had projected the rise of the middle class Bengali Hindus in their literary works and they are the same literary personnel who have paved the way for the later writers like Rabindranath Tagore and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay who have brought the middle class of the Bengali society in the limelight of their works of literature. Bangla literature was no longstanding written exclusively for the elite audience and with the rise of the printing press in Bengal, Bangla literature entered a new paradigm.Free thinking and the authors points of view were the rule character istics of Bangla literature in the mid and the late 19th century. The projection of the daily struggle became an integral part of the literary tradition.According to Nitish Sengupta, The Bengal renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775-1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), although there have been many stalwarts thereafter embodying particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output. (Sengupta, 2001). He has emphasise that Bengal renaissance also incorporated a very vital aspect the concept of the Swadeshi (nationalist freedom movement) and it is in the works of Madhusudan, Bankim Chandra and Rabindranath that we actually find its great importance. Madhusudans Meghnadbadh Kavya (1861) though is based upon a part of the Valmiki Ramayana, yet it is through the authors style and perspective that the point of view of the storyline shifts from Ayodhya to Lanka. In this version of the story of Rama, Ravana is the tragic hero who loses the battle in the end. This shift in the perspective of the plot can be compared to Miltons Paradise Lost where the audience sees the story of Heaven and Hell from the other point of view, the point of view of Satan. Madhusudan has brought in the point of the other in his version of Ramas story, where Meghnad and Ravana are the protagonists and Rama is just a successful conqueror. Meghnadbadh Kavya may well have depicted the conquest of Bengal by the East-India Company. It was published in 1861 only four years after the first war for liberty and Madhusudan wrote it in a republic when he had already faced the failure of pursuing a European dream. Bankims Anandamath (1882) starts with the horrors of the Bengal famine in a colonised Bengal. He describes the famine as, People change their belongings, then their house, then their land, then their wives, then their children even then the famine has no end. Everyone wants to sell, theres no buyer. (Chattopadyay, 1882). Set in the background of the Sannyasi Rebellion in the late 18th century, it is considered one of the most important novels in the history of Bangla literature. Its importance is heightened by the fact that it is closely related with the struggle for Indian independence from the Anglo-Saxons. Bankims Debi Choudhurani (1884) which followed closely after Anandamath renewed the call for a resurgent India that fights against oppression of the British Empire with strength from within the common people, based on traditional Indian values of austerity, dedication and selflessness. Since it fuelled the patriotic struggle for Indian independence from the British Empire, the novel just like Anandamath was banned by the colonisers. In this novel, Bankim Chandra also reinforced his belief that an armed and face-to-face conflict with the Royal Army is the only way to win independence. Neel Darpan (The Indigo Planting Mirror) (1859) a play written by Dinabandhu Mitra was essential to Nilbidroha (Indigo Rev olt). Mitra wrote in the preface of the English translation I present The Indigo Planting Mirror to the Indigo Planters hands now, let all(prenominal) one of them, having observed his face, erase the freckle of the stain of selfishness from his forehead, and, in its stead, place on it the sandal powder of beneficence, then shall I think my labour success. (Mitra, 1859). The play was all about the differences between the old and beautiful culture of Bengal which is being eradicated by the new and advanced perspective of the mass. It is about the upheaval between the Indigo planters and Indian Rioters in different parts of Bengal, Bihar and U.P. This conflict gave rise to the rift and division between the different classes of the society and between the different sections of the Government as well. Later, Rabindranaths novels also do refer to the Swadeshi movement which sweeps over Bengal due to the impact of the Renaissance. Chaturanga, Shesher Kobita, Ghare-Baire, Noukadubi and oth ers reflect the vibrant Bengali society. Ghare-Baire in particular illustrates the conflicting tendencies between the Moderate and the extremist ideals, terrorism and religious zeal which were a part of the pre-independent Bengali community. Bengal renaissance in simpler words have brought the society a step closer to the conservative readership, who would find it hard to escape the reality of the existing community.Before the advent of the Bengal renaissance in Bangla literature, a literary work was confined to a one belief, a single community and a single mind-set. The mid-nineteenth century saw the inter-mixing of different sections of the society, different religious beliefs or contradictions and different ways of life, all inter-mingled in the same sphere of the literary work. Bankims Durgeshnandini deals with the contradictions and later the interactions between the Pathans and the Rajputs Rabindranaths Chaturanga immortalises the idea of atheism of Jyathamoshai who crosses the barrier of religion and social structure to help the lower strata of the society and the impoverished Sarat Chandra in Srikanto has depicted Rajlakkhi as a prostitute but yet dearly loved by the protagonist, Srikanto.Another form of literature which took its birth in the mid 19th century in Bengal was essays (fh). Akshay Kumar Boral, Ramendra Sundar Tribedi, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Rabindranath Tagore and others of the mid and the late 19th century are the pioneers of Bangla essays of that period.Finally, in order to conclude, it is very important to interpret that though Bengal renaissance was a product of the Bengali elite intellectuals under the deep-rooted influence of western education, which in a way has sidelined the indigenous literary tradition of Bengal, yet it has opened the minds of the audience forcing him to face the reality of the state of things. The changes that it characterised in the 19th century Bangla literature are great and inevitable and it is be cause of the renaissance in Bengal that Bangla literature has crossed all its barriers of religious and socio-political orthodoxy and closed-mindedness.

The Elderly and Malnutrition Essay -- Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

The Elderly and Malnutrition At any age, nutrition is vital to maintaining health and enhancing quality of life. However, achieving good nutrition can be peculiarly difficult for the elderly, the fastest growing portion of Americas population. Many factors, including physiological changes, changes in nutritional needs, illness and physical limitations, food-medication interactions, depression and loneliness, and food insecurity are plebeian causes of malnutrition in the elderly. This paper will explore factors affecting elderly nutrition, provide suggestions for obtaining and maintaining good nutrition after age 65, and describe the services available to admirer the elderly meet their nutritional needs. A number of factors influence the nutritional status of the elderly. First, several physiological changes impact elderly nutritional requirements. Changes in attempt and smell may decrease an individuals appetite or desire for food. Gastro-intestinal motility de creases with age and may lead to constipation, decreased nutrient absorption, and a decrease in fat and protein absorption. Metabolism also slows with age this results in a decrease of lean body mass and an increase in body fat (8). Lastly, bone mass decreases, leaving the elderly vulnerable to bone fractures from falls and osteoporosis. Ultimately, these physiological changes result in different nutritional needs for the elderly. The Food and Nutrition batting order of the National Academy of Sciences issues the Recommended Daily Allowances for healthy people over the age of 51. However, these RDAs are limited in that they have been derived from studies of younger, healthy populations and do not count on ... .... 5) Good Nutrition is Ageless. Egg Nutrition Center. 22 Jan. 2002 <http//www.enc-online.org/elderly.htm>. 6) Good Nutrition for Seniors Caregiver Fact Sheet. 9 Aug. 2001. National Network for Health. 22 Jan. 2002 <http//www.nnh.org/products/gnfs.h tm>. 7) Home page. Meals on Wheels Association of America. 22 Jan. 2000. <http//www.projectmeal.org/mowaa.html>. 8) Nutrition Index. Gerontology and Geriatric Dentistry n.d. n. pag. Columbia University Dental Education Software. N.d. 9) A Profile on Older Americans 2001. 10 Jan. 2002. political science on Aging. 22 Jan. 2002 <http//www.aoa.gov/default.htm>. 10) The Warning Signs. New York State Office for the Aging. 22 Jan. 2002 <http//agingwell.state.ny.us/eatwell/warning.htm>. 11) Wieand, Jane. Telephone Interview. 22 Jan. 2002.

when plague strikes :: essays research papers

Overview of When Plague Strikes by James GiblinThis hold is separated into three main parts the Black Death, variola major, and aids. This book gives facts of occurring diseases and the diseases from the past. This books content mainly took place in Europe and Asia when it gave facts dates and examples. It explains the nature and symptoms of diseases from long ago.The bubonic Plague mainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the disease to great deal. erstwhile people are infected, they infect others very rapidly the disease struck and killed people with terrible speed. They called it "The Black Death" because of the black spots it produced on the skin. A terrible killer was loose across Europe, and medieval medicine had nothing to go against it. In five years twenty five million people were dead because of the Black Death. So many people had died that there were serious labor shortages all over Europe. The Black Death came in three forms, the bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemia. apiece different form of execration killed people in a nasty way. All forms were caused by a bacterium called Yersinia pestis. The symptoms were enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes (around arm pits, distinguish and groin). The term bubonic refers to the characteristic bubo or enlarged lymphatic gland. Victims were subject to headaches, nausea, aching joints, fever of 101-105 degrees, vomiting, and a general feeling of illness. Symptoms took from 1-7 days to appear. Bubonic plague is just the medical term for the Black Death (Giblin 11). Smallpox is a serious, contagious, and sometimes fatal infectious disease. There is no specific treatment for smallpox disease, and the only prevention is vaccination. The name smallpox is derived from the Latin word for spotted and refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person. Smallpox outbreaks reserve occurred from time to time for thousands of years, but the disease is now eradicated after a suc cessful worldwide vaccination program. The last case of smallpox in the get together States was in 1949. The last naturally occurring case in the world was in Somalia in 1977. Generally, direct and fairly prolonged face-to-face contact is required to sprinkle smallpox from one person to another. Smallpox also can be spread through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or polluted objects such as bedding or clothing. The first symptoms of smallpox include fever, malaise, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting.