The Fourth Amendment and Computer Searches - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1722 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Level High school Did you like this example? The Fourth Amendment and Computer Searches Cmputers are no longer just tools of the trade for scientists or mathematicians, they are now found in nearly every household within the United States. In a recent study conducted by the United States Census Bureau in 2013, 83.8 percent of the households in the United States reported owning a computer. Of that percentage, 78.5 reported having a desktop or laptop in their home and 63.6 percent reported having a handheld computer. As technology is on the upswing and more people are using computers, it gives way to a rise in computer related crime. With an uprising of computer crime it is becoming more imperative that law enforcement officers understand how to obtain evidence that is stored on computers and how the Fourth Amendment protections apply to searching computers. The entire premise of the Fourth Amendment is to prevent law enforcement agents from searching and seizing evidence without having a warrant. The Fourth Amendment is fairly clear as to what is required when it pertains to searches and seizures. According to the manual on search and seizure published by The Office of Legal Education, the Fourth Amendment reads as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The United States Supreme Court has gone in further detail as defining search as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“when an expectation of privacy that society is prepared to consider reasonable is infringed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In hindsight, is an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reasonable expectation of privacy is not violated, than a search did not occur. Instructions for searches and seizures may seem clearly stated in the Fourth Am endment; however, as it pertains specifically to computers, it gets much more difficult to interpret. When it comes to specifically searching a computer, law enforcement agents consider two key points in determining whether they need a warrant or not. First they must understand if the search will violate the reasonable expectation to privacy that is given in the Fourth Amendment. Second they must consider if the search will fall into an exception to warrant criteria; therefore making the search permissible. When the Founding Fathers established the requirements for the Fourth Amendment, there was no possible way for them to foresee the technological advancement. While the Fourth Amendment still applies to the searching of computers, it has become very specific and very tricky for law enforcement officers. When law enforcement officers deal with computer searches, one of the biggest issues they face is the reasonable expectation of privacy clause in the Fourth Amendment. To est ablish what expectation of privacy equates to, courts have generally established that a computer is to be treated the same way a closed container is to be treated. Briefcases and file cabinets are examples of closed containers that also retain an expectation of privacy. Since computers are similar in nature, they are to be treated the same way. If it is believed that an individual has a reasonable expectation of privacy involving the contents on their computers, flash drives, or even cell phones, than it is required for law enforcement officials to get a warrant before the contents can be searched. Since the reasonable expectation of privacy applies to computers and other electronic devices, the information or data located on those devices also falls under the expectation of privacy for the owner. As mentioned above, there are exceptions to warrant requirements when it pertains to the searching of computers. When consent to search is given, a law enforcement officer may conduct t he search. This allows law enforcement officers to conduct a search without having to establish probable cause or secure a search warrant. Consent to search must come from an individual who has the authority to consent to a search. Once consent is given, law enforcement officers have to be careful as to not overstep the scope of consent that was given for that particular search. On occasion, law enforcement officers may rely on exigent circumstances to conduct a search on a computer. Certain criteria must be met in order for a warrantless search to be conducted. Generally there are four circumstances in which officers may conduct a warrantless search; the evidence is in immediate danger of it being destructed, the police or public are in danger due to an immediate threat, law enforcement officers are in a hot pursuit of an individual suspected in a crime, or the suspect is most likely to run before the search warrant can be granted. Pertaining to computers, evidence being in imme diate danger of being destructed, is the most common circumstances law enforcement officers will likely face. With todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s technology there are multiple ways in which computer data can be easily put out of reach of law enforcement officers; making the preservation of data that much more important. With hopes of using a warrantless search, law enforcement officers must either get consent to search, or have exigent circumstances. Without these, the search is deemed unconstitutional as it violates the protections in the Fourth Amendment. Computers can serve several different roles within the definitions of criminal offenses. They can serve as contraband, evidence of a crime, or an instrument in crime. Whichever role the computer serves is important, since each one can be searched in different ways. The actual search of a hard drive from a suspected computer can reveal several types of evidence. Once this information from the search has been extracted, it can provide d investigators with crucial answers to some of the common questions of who, what, when and how during their investigation. Search warrants for computers are the preferred method to engage in a search. In order for investigators to get a search warrant for a computer, they must first establish the probable cause necessary to search a computer and describe in particular what data or information is to be taken from the computer. Probable cause in reference to computers is belief that the computer is either contraband or contains contraband, there is evidence of a crime, it was used as an instrument to commit a crime, or fruits of a crime. When probable cause has been established, and a warrant has been issued, the warrant takes precedence over an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectation to privacy. In most cases it is forensic examination and analysis will take too long to be conducted on site, therefore, items described in the search warrant may be seized. The actual search of the computer occurs in two stages; imaging and analysis. When a computer hard drive is imaged, it is copied identically using software that allows this process without contaminating any data. The analysis stage is when the forensic analyst goes through the computer records that are detailed in the search warrant. The Fourth Amendment doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t limit what techniques that forensic analyst may use when conducting the search on the hard drive. It also doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t limit the type of forensic software may be used while conducting the examination. Since the modern day computer may be used in an array of tasks, a computer hard drive could have the possibility of containing evidence of more than one type of crime. Warrants for computer searches are very specific; they often times stipulate what type of evidence can be collected pertaining to a certain crime. When analysts discover other evidence pertaining to a separate crime, they must stop their search and ga in another search warrant to examine the evidence they just discovered. Collection of information for use as evidence that occur outside of intended scoped of the warrant will likely become inadmissible as evidence. Safe practice for analysts is gain immediately gain another search warrant when information uncovered leads to other suspected crimes. In addition to the limitations imposed by the Fourth Amendment, there are also three other limitations enacted by Congress that pertain specifically to the search of computers. The first limitation is the Privacy Protection Act which protects journalists and authors from search and seizure of materials that are in involved in First Amendment activities. The second limitation covers privileged documents such as medical records, psychologist notes, or attorney-client information. Lastly, limitations are also applied to the collection of information from disinterested third parties. Overall, as long as law enforcement officers follow prop er procedure, they can search any individual if they have probable cause that the search will disclose contraband or evidence that a crime was committed. As the American way of life is now centric around electronic devices and computers it has given way to which individuals commit crime. Criminal evidence such as drug trafficking ledgers, child pornography, incriminating photos and information can all be found within a computer. Computers are to be treated as containers and are generally given the reasonable expectation of privacy guaranteed to them in the Fourth Amendment. Computers are being commonly seized by law enforcement officers to conduct searches for evidence during criminal investigations. Information collected during these searches tends to be a critical step in evidence collection, and it cannot be taken lightly. It is imperative for law enforcement officers and prosecutors to fully understand and comprehend how computers must be searched while maintaining the integr ity of the Fourth Amendment. Without law enforcement and prosecutors following proper protocol, essential evidence found during a criminal investigation may not be allowed into the courts. Thus, allowing criminals to walk away uncharged. References File, T., Ryan, C. (2014, November). Computer and Internet Use in the United States: 2013. American Community Survey Reports. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/acs/acs-28.pdf Goldfoot, J. (2011). The Physical Computer and the Fourth Amendment. Berkeley Journal of Crominal Law, 16(1), 112-167. Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047context=bjcl The Office of Legal Education. (2009). Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations (pp. 1-114). N.p.: Office of Legal Education Executive Office for United States Attorneys. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/docs/ssmanual 2009.pdf Ziff, D. J. (2005, April). Fourth Amendment Limitations on the Execution of Computer Searches Conducted Pursuant to a Warrant. Columbia Law Review, 105(3), 841- 872. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4099480 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Fourth Amendment and Computer Searches" essay for you Create order

Introduction To Malcolm X And His Life - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1539 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/25 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Malcolm X Essay Did you like this example? Malcolm Little, better known as Malcolm X, was born May 19, 1925 and assassinated February 21, 1965. He was an African-American leader and figurehead in the Nation of Islam (NOI), important to the movement for freedom and equality in postwar America because of his orations regarding, race, pride, and black nationalism in the 1950s and 1960s. Early in life, Malcolm struggled to survive as a black, young man growing up in Omaha, Nebraska, especially with a father whose activism for the local chapter of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and preaching gained attention from white supremacist groups, leading to his familys frequent encounters with harassment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction To Malcolm X And His Life" essay for you Create order Persecution followed the family as they moved from Omaha to Milwaukee to Lansing, and eventually led to the 1921 death of his father. After his mother was admitted into a mental institution following her husbands death, Malcolm and his siblings were put into separate foster homes. Although he excelled in school, he was not expected to do much. At fifteen, his English teacher made this clear, telling him explicitly that his dream of becoming a lawyer was unrealistic. Malcolm dropped out of school and eventually earned a 10 year prison sentence in 1946. HE occupied his time in prison by reading books and getting familiar with the Nation of Islam by visiting siblings. NOI was a small faction of black Muslims who embraced black nationalism, believing that in order to gain freedom, justice, and equality, black Americans must establish an independent state from white Americans. His conversion to the Nation of Islam, before his release from prison in 1952, would lead to his work as a minister and activist for the NOI, where he would work alongside their leader, Elijah Muhammad, to expand the movements following among black Americans. This time in postwar America, is populated with rapid progress in almost every way possible. Between 1945 and 1960, the gross national product in the US more than doubles; the economy is booming and much of it is a result of government spending on interstate highways, schools, veterans benefits, and new technologies, like military airplanes and consumer goods. Middle-class Americans had more money to spend than ever before and usually spent it on leisure and children. However, beneath this picture of a prosperous America, issues regarding civil rights and counterculture begin to erupt. In 1948 we begin to see our government take on these greater issues. President Truman issued an executive order that outlawed segregation in the US military and the Supreme Court declared government support, enforcing restrictive agreements to exclude minorities from buying homes in white neighborhoods, to be illegal with the Shelley v. Kraemer case. The 1950s was the first time, however, that this fig ht against racism and segregation, truly entered mainstream of American life. Malcolm Little, at this same time, makes his first statement as a newly devoted follower of NOI by changing his surname to X at the suggestion of his leader, Elijah Muhammad. This was meant to abandon what he, and, considered to be his slave name and also signify his lost tribal name. After his release from prison, was quickly appointed as a minister and national spokesman by Muhammad. Under Muhammads lead, the NOI developed a coherent theology, as opposed to its founder, Wallace D. Fard. He taught the basic principles of Islam, including monotheism, submission to Allah, and a strong family life, along with traditional behaviors like celibacy. Malcolm capitalized on these teachings as he spread them through newspaper columns, the radio, and television. He did everything in his power to communicate these NOI messages and promote a program of economic self-sufficiency for blacks, the development of black-owned businesses, and the creation of a separate black nation carved out of the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. His national newspaper, Muhammad Speaks, was established in 1960 and accredited him with increasing NOI membership 60-fold from 1952 to 1963. His message grew more radical over time, exemplified by his Organization of Afro-American Unity found ing rally on June 28, 1964 in which he persuaded blacks to abolish racism by any means necessary, including violence. These militant proposals won over a large number of followers but, also opened doors for criticism by those who pegged his beliefs as hate speech, for surveillance by FBI agents who infiltrated the organization, and for opposition from less radical civil rights activists, like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Furthering his controversy, Malcolms comment on president John F. Kennedys assassination earned him a silence by Muhammed. In March 1964, he terminated his relationship with NOI, founded his own religious organization, the Muslim Mosque, Inc., and went on a pilgrimage to Mecca. He converted to traditional Islam, changed his name to El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, and returned to America with a new outlook. After witnessing the harmony among Muslims of all races, he spoke to all people about his surprising, newfound hope for integration and peaceful revolution in the United States. However, relations between Malcolm and Muhammad remained volatile as many attempts were made to assassinate Mal colm X, until the attempt on February 21, 1965 proved successful. Malcolms work advanced the conversation of freedom in America in three clear ways; he spread the word around interracial cooperation, allowed people to question the effectiveness of nonviolent methods in gaining African-American freedom, and demonstrated the lengths all people will go to secure their own idea of freedom. It is clear that throughout the beginning of his activist work, he was more interested in black independence than integration. However, by catering to the militant ideals of some, progress was made in joining more people into the conversation. The United States was slowly making progress in terms of racial integration. For example, in 1954 the Supreme Court overturned the separate but equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson, with the Brown v. Board of Education decision. This ruling was a step in the right direction for America but, it was not implemented socially and allowed for troubles like the 1956 signing of the Southern Manifesto, a doctrine declaring that Souther n congressmen would do all they could to defend segregation, and the 1957 incident at Little Rock High School. For nine black students to enter school, Eisenhower needed to follow a court order and send federal troops to escort children into their school building. It is understandable that many would view this marshal tactic as a symbol that more militant measures need to be used to produce results. Sending messages like this to the American people inevitably results in beliefs similar to those held by Malcolm X and his supporters. The condoning of violence in the case that it is necessary, demonstrated how far people would go to secure their idea of freedom. It is important to realize, however, that this was not the first time this message came about. Organizations like the Klu Klux Klan actively practiced violence as a means of preserving their own idea of freedom; however, because it was now officially proposed as a means for African Americans, Malcolm had shed light upon this debate. He proved that all human beings would fight for this right, America itself did so when battling Britain for freedom. Conversation regarding what freedom was, how it differed between and within races, and the right means of obtaining it, forced people to redefi ne what they believed. This African-American leaders impact on American history is multifaceted. As Malcolm Little, he proved that African-Americans could succeed in being influential, simply by excelling in school after being told he could not. His legacy as Malcolm X, contributed to the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He opened the doors for Black Power, a post-1966 rallying cry for a more militant civil rights movement and emphasis on African-American pride. The Black Panther Party, for example, advocated for armed self-defense in response to police brutality, a more militant and radical approach. His short-lived legacy as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, however, symbolized the ever-changing ideals of America and the way personal, individual reactions affect masses. For Malcolm X, it made sense to follow Elijah Muhammads teachings rather than align himself with a figure like Martin Luther King Jr. He discovered, sooner than Dr. King, that the institutionalized nature of over two centuries of segregation and racism would not be solved with simple nonviolent rallying. Malcolms tactics targeted the angry mentality of his people and the social implication of trying to force segregated people into the same rooms as one another and expect a good outcome. Malcolm felt that Dr. Kings solutions worked in theory, but never played out in reality; therefore, this shift in disposition between the two and their followers was inevitable. However, after separating himself from NOI and challenging his own beliefs, Malcolm X reevaluated his stance, daring to explore the idea that he was wrong about a militant style. Although this last identity as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz was short-lived, it is worth acknowledging for its symbolic power. Today, the United States is divided; today, claiming to be a Democrat or a Republican, not only speaks on ones political stance, but on ones character. The debates Americans normally have are ad hominem arguments, leaving no room for questioning or altering ones own views. Malcolms final conversion to El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz teaches that anger can blind human vision, but, America can actually have a bloodless revolution.

Inclusion And Send From School Wide Activity - 5014 Words

Inclusion and SEND To define SEND, one must first look at the term ‘inclusion’. Inclusion is the process through which a school adapts in order to respond to all pupils as individuals; which in turn enhances equality of opportunity. By doing this, there is less of a need to exclude pupils from school-wide activity. (Sebba and Sachdev 1997). This encompasses the need for a school to provide equal opportunities for children regardless of their age, race, gender, disability, religion, language or other attribute (Baker and Zigmond 1995). This principle is addressed in the Salamanca statement which states that schools should accommodate all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social and emotional, linguistic, and other†¦show more content†¦A learning difficulty is then defined as a â€Å"significantly greater difficulty† in accessing the learning than the majority of their classmates. Learning difficulties range from medically diagnosed difficulties like dyslexia, dyspraxia and dyscalculia to social, behavioural and emotional disorders, as well as physical disabilities. With the grand spectrum along which a child is vulnerable to learning difficulties and therefore SEND, schools, teachers and local authorities are motivated to provide effective SEN provision and support for all the children who fall under this umbrella. SEND provision is essential in ensuring that all children have the same opportunities for progress and achievement despite their personal needs. It is here that SEND and inclusion therefore go hand in hand. Schools must be aware that, without this equality, ‘pupils can move from demoralisation to disruptive behaviour and truancy’ because they are made to feel like â€Å"failures† for having learning difficulties and/or disabilities (DfE 1997). It is also important to recognise that this support must be evident outside of academia. The Warnock Report states that provision needs to be integrated into the physical and social as well as educational activities of a school, enabling the child concerned to equally

Essay on Behavioral Learning Theories - 887 Words

Behavioral Learning Theories Most theorists agree that learning occurs when experience causes a change in a persons knowledge or behavior . Behaviorists emphasize the role of environmental stimuli in learning and focus on the behavior, i.e., an observable response. Behavioral theories are based on contiguity, classical and operant conditioning, applied behavior analysis, social learning theory and self-regulation/cognitive behavior modification. Early views of learning were contiguity and classical conditioning. In contiguity learning, two events are repeatedly paired together and become associated in the learners mind. Pavlov took this idea one step further in his experiments on classical conditioning where a†¦show more content†¦A 6-week inservice program focusing on the principles of operant conditioning and positive reinforcement was implemented. The study was designed to evaluate the use of behavior management strategies in the classroom, and positive results were found in the decrease in res traints and crisis incidents. Crisis incidents were defined as a child being required to leave the classroom because of unacceptable behavior, e.g., persistent noncompliance. As the revised treatment module began to work, community special education programs began to send students for short term diagnostic placements, and a plan is in development for transition classrooms intended for children who no longer need intensive treatment but are not yet ready to return to the community. Applied behavior analysis provides teachers with methods for encouraging positive behaviors and coping with undesirable ones. Negative reinforcement and forms of punishments like reprimands and social isolation can help alter behavior, but should be used with caution. Teachers can reinforce desirable student behavior through attention, recognition, praise and other reinforcers. An article entitled Food For Thought: Teacher Nonverbal Immediacy, Student Learning, and Curvilinearity touched on immediacy behaviors as a type of reinforcer. The article statesShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Behavioral Learning Theory901 Words   |  4 Pagesthe behaviorist theory states that individuals develop certain behavior traits based off of their reaction to certain events that they are presented with. This means that people act certain ways because of how they handled situations that have occurred in their life. Introduction to Behavioral learning theory. For example, inside the classroom, teachers could use this theory to help children behave correctly and have a positive outlook on their schoolwork. By understanding the theory, teachers wouldRead MoreThe Theories Of The Behavioral Learning Theory947 Words   |  4 Pagesmakes use of the behavioral learning theory? 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The Island Review - 961 Words

Elias Chininis English 1102 3 / 14 / 08 Essay 2 The Island In The Island, a dystopian film directed by Michael Bay, we come upon a world in the not so distant future with some serious problems. People of the world now have the ability to purchase the ultimate life insurance in the form of a personal clone; available for any sort of life saving organ donorship that may become necessary. Since the clone is an exact genetic replica of the person, there are little complications when it comes to using these organs. Throughout the film we follow two clones on a journey to find their sponsor, and make a plee for their lives. Throughout the film, Bay uses the simplest of questions to help put us into the minds of these†¦show more content†¦In the literal sense of the allegory Jordan and Lincoln are actually imprisoned in a cave and find a way to escape. Figuratively, Lincoln and Jordan are also released from their way of thinking find a way out of the fake reality they were calling real life. 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Speciation is when a different species is developed in order to adapt to environmental conditions b) For each ofRead MoreWeek 3 Team Paper Legal Compliance Pape1117 Words   |  5 Pagestheir company standards in order to comply with these ever changing laws. In the case of Baderman Island, the company first began its renovations in 1988 (Virtual Organizations Portal, 2012) the lighthouse was purchased in 1932. Since 1988, the company had to modify or change their business procedures in order to comply with laws and regulations. Legal compliance challenges that Baderman Island and other companies may have faced include employment laws, tax laws and regulations, property laws

Marketing of Black Beans Cafe Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing of Black Beans Cafe. Answer: Marketing Activities Placing advertisements in that of the Weekly Newspaper will be able to promote the services of Black Beans Cafe. It will help the target audience to get a look at the brand that can draw the customers towards it (Chandra 2017). Mail Flyers would also be made use of so that marketing can be done directly to that of individual customer and to that of individual business. Evaluating performance of marketing activities The evaluation of performance of Black Beans Cafe can be measured with the help of telephone calls that would be made in order to make enquiries soon after they have seen the advertisements on the newspapers. The target market of Black Beans Cafe mainly comprises of the young population and primarily the office goers and the orders made by this segment can help in the process of evaluation of that of the marketing activities. The rate of return on that of direct mail campaign and if half the number of people who respond to that of the mail makes a purchase then it can be said that the marketing activities have been fruitful. The cost effectiveness can be measured if the HR shifts its focus from that of the efficiency metrics to that of business outcome (Kim, Jang and Adler 2015). Marketing Performance Metrics can be made use of in order to evaluate the performance of marketing activities. Themanagement team of Black Beans Cafe can make use of the key performance indicator in order to understand the success of the marketing activities (Amsteus, Olsson and Paulsson 2015). This can help in emphasizing how the expenditure made on marketing have an impact on the bottom line of the Black Beans Cafe. It can help in measuring the degree of the profits made and hence in evaluating the performance of the marketing activities. Professional Associations The professional organisation Australian Coffee Traders Association can help Black Beans Cafe in fomenting positive relationship and increasing its hold over the market. The association of Black Beans Cafe with that of Australian Coffee Traders Association will be able to improve standard of coffee and thus help in winning the loyalty of the customers. It can also form an association with Australian Barista School and the association with this brand would be able to show to the customers that the workers have been trained in the art of coffee making (Alford and Page 2015). The credibility of the customer towards that of Black Beans Cafe will be strengthened after being associated with the school. Other associations with which Black Beans Cafe can form an alliance with are the Australian Association of National Advertiser and the Australian Marketing Institute (Jalil, Fikry and Zainuddin 2016). The Australian Association of National Advertiser will be able to promote the right of the customers in relation to Black Beans Cafe and it can effectively deal with the complaints that the consumers have towards Black Beans Cafe. Membership benefitting marketing activity The Australian Coffee Traders Association can help in improving standards in relation to coffee and it can assist in the process of networking. It proves to be of great merit in reducing the duty in relation to import of coffee. The course completed at the Australian Barista School would result in producing a nationally recognised statement that can augment the reputation of Black Beans Cafe (Oktafani, Suryawardani and Riezkya 2016). The Australian Association of National Advertiser (AANA) along with that of the Australian Marketing Institute would be able to afford protection to that the rights of consumers and that the marketing efforts are carried out in the proper manner. AANA is representative of the interest of the organizations and it is involved in the process of marketing along with advertising. Its primary aim is to protect the consumers by ensuring that the process of marketing communications have been carried out in a responsible manner. Being associated with this organiz ation will thus help Black Beans Cafe in conveying to the customers that the marketing activities have been carried out in an ethical manner. Industry Event of Black Beans Cafe The industry events that Black Beans Cafe has decided to participate in the next six months are that of Melbourne Coffee Week, Melbourne International Coffee Expo, The Coffee Experience and that of International Coffee Organization (Lee et al. 2016). Melbourne International Coffee Expo is a dedicated event related to coffee and many cafe owners and equipment manufactures attend the event. Melbourne Coffee Week provides a vivid exposure in relation to the coffee industry. The Coffee Experience is a trade show and the different coffee roasters will be able to reveal to industry how they are different from the others (Wu and Wang 2014). International Coffee Organization is an intergovernmental organization that can help brands in tackling challenges with the help of international cooperation. Report showing effectiveness of marketing activities Marketing Activities Chosen The marketing activities chosen were that of weekly newspaper that can help in publicising the name of the brand of Bean Black Cafe. A large proportion of the population reads the newspapers and the name of the brand appearing on such a large platform can help the public in knowing about the cafe easily and quickly. It would rightly serve the marketing objective of Bean Black Cafe. A large part of the market of Black Beans Cafe consists of office workers and it makes up 80 % of that of day time trade. The people who are aged from 20-60 comprise the major segment who make up the day time market of Black Beans Cafe. A large part of the target audience of Bean Black Cafe comprises of people of the age group of 20-50 so the designing should be elegant and unique. Beautiful graphics should be made use of in the newspapers so that it can entice the audience. Direct mail marketing is a technique that can be made use of by Bean Black Cafe. Sending the flyers with the help of direct e-mail ca n help in capturing the potential customers that can help in the process of generation of maximum revenue (Zhu and Chen 2015). It has a high response rate and business listings along with telephone directories can be made use of in order to reach a large audience.The business goal should be set out clearly in the flyer and it can help in the generation of new customers. It can rightly help in the process of expansion of market and can help in serving a wider demography (Alford and Page 2015). The problems incurred during promotion in the newspapers involve around budget. It involves a large expenditure and Bean Black Cafe has to set aside a lot of funds so that it can advertise in the newspapers. Flyers do not have long term impact on that of the customers and they are easily dismissed by people. People often do not take seriously the information that is printed on the flyers. People receive a lot of mails on every day basis so the mail flyers may go unnoticed to the public eye. Performance of Activities Enquiries made via telephone calls would be able to lay clear in front of Black Beans Cafe whether the marketing strategy has proved to be successful. The number of telephone calls reaching Black Beans Cafe and the number of purchase orders will point out the success of the marketing strategy. The primary target consumer is the younger audience and the number of purchases and take-away made by this segment can help in emphasizing whether the marketing strategy of Bean Black Cafe has been successful. Rate of return in relation to direct mail campaign can help in signifying whether the distribution of flyers via direct mail has been successful (Wu 2016). Half the number of people who have received the mail making purchases will signify the success of the marketing strategy. Shifting focus by the human Resources of Black Beans Cafe from the domain of efficient metrics can prove to be useful in evaluating the marketing strategies. It should focus on the aspect of business outcome so that it can calculate the progress made. Financial accounting system can help in measuring the performance in relation to the marketing strategies. Marketing Intelligence Marketing intelligence can help in the process of decision making and it is gathered by searching the environment. It can help in the process of market penetration and in relation to market development metrics. Focus groups helped in gaining insight into different kinds of coffee patrons. The focus groups helped in furnishing important information pertaining to decision making process of the customers (Ziliani and Ieva 2015). Sales force of Black Beans Cafe stands as representative of the organisation and they have maximum interaction with that of the end-customer so they will be able to furnish important information pertaining to the choice of the customer. They can offer realistic feedback in relation to the market. They can directly ask the customers regarding the areas that they think Black Beans Cafe should improve on in order to provide the customer with a pleasurable experience. Market survey carried out with the help of the sales force can help in gathering important informat ion (Gzquez-Abad, Martnez-Lpez and Snchez-Franco 2017). The channel partners of the business can also provide significant information regarding the marketing initiatives of Black Beans Cafe. The channel partners should be educated regarding the services offered by Black Beans Cafe that can help them in aligning with their business goal. They can also take part in the training that can help them in shedding light regarding the marketing activities of Black Beans Cafe. References: Alford, P. and Page, S.J., 2015. Marketing technology for adoption by small business.The Service Industries Journal,35(11-12), pp.655-669. Amsteus, M., Olsson, H. and Paulsson, R., 2015. The Scent of a Successful Venue:(In) Congruent Scent and Consumer Attitude towards a Caf.International Journal of Business and Social Science,6(5), pp.232-243. Chandra, Y., 2017. Social entrepreneurship as emancipatory work.Journal of Business Venturing,32(6), pp.657-673. Gzquez-Abad, J.C., Martnez-Lpez, F.J. and Snchez-Franco, M.J., 2017. What are the Characteristics Defining Flyer-Prone Consumers? A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. InThe Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientationsin a Dynamic Business World(pp. 411-411). Springer, Cham. Jalil, N.A.A., Fikry, A. and Zainuddin, A., 2016. E-atmospheric effects on youth intention to revisit a cafe.Procedia Economics and Finance,37, pp.497-503. Kim, D., Jang, S. and Adler, H., 2015. What drives caf customers to spread eWOM? Examining self-relevant value, quality value, and opinion leadership.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(2), pp.261-282. Lee, S., Lee, K.S., Chua, B.L. and Han, H., 2016. Journal of Destination Marketing Management. Oktafani, F., Suryawardani, B. and Riezkya, A.D., 2016. Groundzeros Cafe Bandung Customer Satisfication Influence On Servicescape.Bandung Creative Movement (BCM). Wu, S.I. and Wang, W.H., 2014. Impact of CSR perception on brand image, brand attitude and buying willingness: a study of a global caf.International Journal of Marketing Studies,6(6), p.43. Wu, S.J., 2016, July. Commodities Selection of Supermarket Email-Flyers by Recommender Systems. InInternational Conference on Frontier Computing(pp. 677-689). Springer, Singapore. Zhu, Y.Q. and Chen, H.G., 2015. Social media and human need satisfaction: Implications for social media marketing.Business horizons,58(3), pp.335-345. Ziliani, C. and Ieva, M., 2015. Retail shopper marketing: the future of promotional flyers.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,43(6), pp.488-502.

Wiston Churchill free essay sample

Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill known by the name Winston Churchill. He was born November 30, 1874; he then died January 24, 1965. Winston was born into the aristocratic family of the Dukes of Marlborough. From the age two to the age six he lived in Dublin where his grandfather had been appointed Viceroy. Winston’s earliest exposure to education was in Dublin, where a governess tried teaching him reading, writing, and arithmetic. Independent and rebellious by nature Winston normally did poorly in school, he was punished for doing so. He was educated at three independent schools: St. George’s School, Brunswick School, and at Harrow School, from April 17, 1888. After weeks of arriving at Harrow Winston had joined the Harrow Rifle Corps. He had earned high marks in English and History and he was the school’s fencing champion. After Winston left Harrow in 1893 he applied to attend the Royal Military College. It took Winston three tries to pass the college’s entrance exam. We will write a custom essay sample on Wiston Churchill or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After getting in Winston then applied for cavalry rather than applying for infantry. Winston did this because the grade requirement was lower. In December of 1894 Winston graduated eighth out of a class of hundred and fifty. Unlike doing what his father wanted him to do Winston stayed in cavalry and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the fourth Queen’s Own Hussars on February 20, 1895. In 1941 he received the honor of being appointed Colonel of the Hussars. In 1900 he retired from the regular army and in the 1902 he joined the Imperial Yeomanry, where he was commissioned as a Captain in the Queen’s Own Oxfordshire Hussars on January 4, 1902. On May 10, 1940 George IV asked Winston Churchill to be prime minister. The first thing Winston did was wrote a letter to Chamberlain to thank him for all of his support. Winston was the first to recognize the growing threat of Hitler long before the outset of World War II and his warnings had gone greatly unattended. Although there was an element of British public and political sentiment favoring negotiated peace with a clearly ascendant Germany, among them the Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax. Winston nonetheless refused to consider a truce with Hitler’s Germany. By refusing the truce with Germany, Winston kept resistance alive in the Britain Empire and created the basis for the later allied counter-attacks of 1942 to 1945. Although Winston’s role in the World War II had generated much support for him amongst the British population, he was defeated in the 1945 election. It was anticipated that Winston would step down and hand over the leadership to Anthony Eden, who became his deputy after the election defeat but Winston was determined to fight on as leader and Eden was too loyal to challenge his leadership. It was another decade before Winston finally handed over the reins to Eden. After the General Election of 1951, Winston again held the office of Minister of Defense between October 1951 and January 1952. He also became prime minister in October 1951, and his third government after the wartime national government and the brief caretaker government of 1945 lasted until his resignation in April 1955. His domestic priorities in his last government were overshadowed by a series of foreign policy crises. As a young child who always got into trouble, Winston turned his life around the moment he joined the Harrow Rifle Corps.